Immunosuppressant compounds and compositions

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to immunosuppressants, processes for their production, their uses and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. The invention provides a novel class of compounds useful in the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders mediated by lymphocyte interactions, particularly diseases associated with EDG receptor mediated signal transduction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/547,712, filed 24 Feb. 2004. The full disclosure of this application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention provides a novel class of immunosuppressant compounds useful in the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders mediated by lymphocyte interactions, particularly diseases associated with EDG receptor mediated signal transduction.

2. Background

EDG receptors belong to a family of closely related, lipid activated G-protein coupled receptors. EDG-1, EDG-3, EDG-5, EDG-6, and EDG-8 (also respectively termed S1P1, S1P3, S1P2, S1P4, and S1P5) are identified as receptors specific for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). EDG2, EDG4, and EDG7 (also termed LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3, respectively) are receptors specific for lysophosphatidic (LPA). Among the S1P receptor isotypes, EDG-1, EDG-3 and EDG-5 are widely expressed in various tissues, whereas the expression of EDG-6 is confined largely to lymphoid tissues and platelets, and that of EDG-8 to the central nervous system. EDG receptors are responsible for signal transduction and are thought to play an important role in cell processes involving cell development, proliferation, maintenance, migration, differentiation, plasticity and apoptosis. Certain EDG receptors are associated with diseases mediated by lymphocyte interactions, for example, in transplantation rejection, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases and cancer. An alteration in EDG receptor activity contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of these diseases. Accordingly, molecules that themselves alter the activity of EDG receptors are useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment of such diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This application relates to compounds of Formula I:

in which:

n is 0, 1 or 2;

R₁ is chosen from C₆₋₁₀aryl and C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl; wherein any aryl or heteroaryl of R₁ is optionally substituted by a radical chosen from C₆₋₁₀arylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₅₋₆heteroarylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈-cycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl; wherein any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloallyl or heterocycloalkyl group of R₁ can be optionally substituted by one to five radicals selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; and any alkyl group of R₁ can optionally have a methylene replaced by an atom or group chosen from —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR₄— and —O—; wherein R₄ is chosen from hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl;

R₂ and R₃ are independently chosen from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₆alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₆alkoxy;

A is chosen from —X₁C(O)OR₄, —X₁OP(O)(OR₄)₂, —X₁P(O)(OR₄)₂, —X₁P(O)OR₄, —X₁S(O)₂OR₄, —X₁P(O)(R₄)OR₄ and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl; wherein X₁ is a bond or C₁₋₆alkylene and R₄ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl;

W is chosen from a bond, C₁₋₆alkylene and C₂₋₆alkenylene;

X is chosen from C₂₋₄alkylene and C₂₋₄alkenylene; wherein one methylene group of X can be replaced with an atom or group chosen from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂— and —NR₅—; wherein R₅ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl and —C(O)R₆; wherein R₆ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein any alkylene or alkenylene of X can further be substituted by 1 to 3 radicals selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkoxy;

Y is chosen from C₆₋₁₀aryl and C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, wherein any aryl or heteroaryl of Y can be optionally substituted with 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, hydoxy, nitro, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkoxy;

Z is C₁₋₆alkylene; wherein up to two methylene groups of Z can be replaced with divalent radicals chosen from —NR₇—. C₃₋₈cycloalkylene, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylene and phenylene; wherein R₇ is chosen from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl and (CH₂)₁₋₂COOH; wherein Z may further be substituted by 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₆alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₆alkoxy; or when a —NR₇— replaces at least one methylene group of Z, R₇ and Y together with the nitrogen atom to which R₇ is attached, forms C₈₋₁₄heteroarylene; and the N-oxide derivatives, prodrug derivatives, protected derivatives, individual isomers and mixtures of isomers thereof; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates (e.g. hydrates) of such compounds.

A second aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition which contains a compound of Formula I or an N-oxide derivative, individual isomer or mixture of isomers thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in admixture with one or more suitable excipients.

A third aspect of the invention is a method for treating a disease in an animal in which alteration of EDG receptor mediated signal transduction can prevent, inhibit or ameliorate the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease, which method comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a N-oxide derivative, individual isomer or mixture of isomers thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

A fourth aspect of the invention is the use of a compound of Formula I in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in an animal in which alteration of EDG receptor mediated signal transduction contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease.

A fifth aspect of the invention is a process for preparing compounds of Formula I and the N-oxide derivatives, prodrug derivatives, protected derivatives, individual isomers and mixtures of isomers thereof; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention provides compounds that are useful in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases or disorders mediated by lymphocyte interactions. Also provided are methods for treating such diseases or disorders.

Definitions

In this specification, unless otherwise defined:

“Alkyl” as a group and as a structural element of other groups, for example halo-substituted-alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl and alkylsulfinyl, can be either straight-chained or branched. “Alkenyl” as a group and as a structural element of other groups contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and can be either straight-chain, or branched. Any double bonds can be in the cis- or trans-configuration. A preferred alkenyl group is vinyl. “Alkynyl” as a group and as structural element of other groups and compounds contains at least one C≡C triple bond and can also contain one or more C═C double bonds, and can, so far as possible, be either straight-chain or branched. A preferred alkynyl group is propargyl. Any cycloalkyl group, alone or as a structural element of other groups can contain from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. “Alkylene” and “alkenylene” are divalent radicals derived from “alkyl” and “alkenyl” groups, respectively. In this application, any alkyl group of R¹ can be optionally interrupted by a member of the group selected from —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³— and —O— (wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl). These groups include —CH₂—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₂—, —(CH₂)₂—NR³—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, and the like.

“Aryl” means a monocyclic or fused bicyclic aromatic ring assembly containing six to ten ring carbon atoms. For example, C₆₋₁₂aryl can be phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl. “Arylene” means a divalent radical derived from an aryl group. For example, arylene as used in this application can be phenylene, biphenylene, naphthylene and the like.

“Halo” or “halogen” means F, Cl, Br or I, preferably F or Cl. Halo-substituted alkyl groups and compounds can be partially halogenated or perhalogenated, whereby in the case of multiple halogenation, the halogen substituents can be identical or different. A preferred perhalogenated alkyl group is for example trifluoromethyl.

“Heteroaryl” means aryl, as defined in this application, provided that one or more of the ring carbon atoms indicated are replaced by a hetero atom moiety selected from N, O or S, and each ring is comprised of 5 to 6 ring atoms, unless otherwise stated. For example, heteroaryl as used in this application includes thiophenyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, isoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl or benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, preferably thiophenyl, furanyl or pyridinyl. “Heteroarylene” means heteroaryl, as defined in this application, provided that the ring assembly comprises a divalent radical.

As used in the present invention, an EDG-1 selective compound (agent or modulator) has a specificity that is selective for EDG-1 over EDG-3 and over one or more of EDG-5, EDG-6, and EDG-8. As used herein, selectivity for one EDG receptor (a “selective receptor”) over another EDG receptor (a “non-selective receptor”) means that the compound has a much higher potency in inducing activities mediated by the selective EDG receptor (e.g., EDG-1) than that for the non-selective S1P-specific EDG receptor. If measured in a GTP-γS binding assay (as described in the Example below), an EDG-1 selective compound typically has an EC50 (effective concentration that causes 50% of the maximum response) for a selective receptor (EDG-1) that is at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, or 1000 fold lower than its EC50 for a non-selective receptor (e.g., one or more of EDG-3, EDG-5, EDG-6, and EDG-8).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides compounds that are useful for treating or preventing diseases or disorders that are mediated by lymphocyte interactions. In one embodiment, for compounds of Formula I, n is 0 or 1 and Z is chosen from:

Wherein the left and right asterisks of Z indicate the point of attachment between the —[C(R₂)(R₃)]_(n)— group and A of Formula I, respectively; R₇ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; and J₁, J₂ and J₃ are independently methylene or a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of S, O and NR₄; wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; with the proviso that the number of heteroatoms are 2 or less.

In another embodiment, R₁ is chosen from phenyl, naphthyl and thiophenyl optionally substituted by C₆₋₁₀arylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₅₋₆heteroarylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl; wherein any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group of R₁ can be optionally substituted by 1 to 5 radicals chosen from halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy; and any alkyl group of R₁ can optionally have a methylene replaced by an atom or group chosen from —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR₄— and —O—; wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl.

In another embodiment, Y is chosen from phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, thiazole and oxazole; each of which can be optionally substituted with 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, hydoxy, nitro, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkoxy.

In a further embodiment, R₂ and R₃ are both hydrogen and A is chosen from —C(O)OR₄ and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl; wherein R₄ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is chosen from:

Wherein the asterisk is the point of attachment of R₁ with W; R₉ is C₆₋₁₀arylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₅₋₆heteroarylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl; wherein any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group of R₉ can be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; and any alkyl group of R₉ can optionally have a methylene replaced by an atom or group chosen from —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR₄— and —O—; wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; and R₁₀ is selected from halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkoxy.

Preferred compounds of the invention are chosen from 3-{[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{[6-chloro-4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[3-chloro-5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[3-Chloro-5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 1-[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[8-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[8-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolin-3-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{4-[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-propionic acid; 3-{[1-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-indan-5-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[8-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{[8-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3-ethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-6-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-7-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 1-[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-methyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; and 3-{[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-methyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid. Preferred compounds are also shown in the examples and table 1, infra.

The invention provides forms of the compound that have the hydroxyl or amine group present in a protected form; these function as prodrugs. Prodrugs are compounds that are converted into an active drug form after administration, through one or more chemical or biochemical transformations. Forms of the compounds of the present invention that are readily converted into the claimed compound under physiological conditions are prodrugs of the claimed compounds and are within the scope of the present invention. Examples of prodrugs include forms where a hydroxyl group is acylated to form a relatively labile ester such as an acetate ester, and forms where an amine group is acylated with the carboxylate group of glycine or an L-amino acid such as serine, forming an amide bond that is particularly susceptible to hydrolysis by common metabolic enzymes.

Compounds of Formula I can exist in free form or in salt form, e.g. addition salts with inorganic or organic acids. Where hydroxyl groups are present, these groups can also be present in salt form, e.g. an ammonium salt or salts with metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc or magnesium, or a mixture thereof. Compounds of Formula I and their salts in hydrate or solvate form are also part of the invention.

When the compounds of Formula I have asymmetric centers in the molecule, various optical isomers are obtained. The present invention also encompasses enantiomers, racemates, diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof. Moreover, when the compounds of Formula I include geometric isomers, the present invention embraces cis-compounds, trans-compounds and mixtures thereof. Similar considerations apply in relation to starting materials exhibiting asymmetric carbon atoms or unsaturated bonds as mentioned above.

Methods and Pharmaceutical Compositions for Treating Immunomodulatory Conditions

The compounds of Formula I in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, exhibit valuable pharmacological properties, e.g. lymphocyte recirculation modulating properties, for example, as indicated by the in vitro and in vivo tests of Example 12 and are therefore indicated for therapy. Compounds of Formula I preferably show an EC₅₀ in the range of 1×10⁻¹¹ to 1×10⁻⁵ M, preferably less than 50 nM. The compounds exhibit selectivity for one or more EDG/S1P receptors, preferably EDG-1/S1P-1. EDG-1/S1P-1 selective modulators of the present invention can be identified by assaying a compound's binding to EDG-1/S1P-1 and one or more of the other EDG/S1P receptors (e.g., EDG-3/S1P-3, EDG-5/S1P-2, EDG-6/S1P-4, and EDG-8/S1P-5). An EDG-1/S1P-1 selective modulator usually has an EC50 for the EDG-1/S1P-1 receptor in the range of 1×10⁻¹⁰¹¹ to 1×10⁻⁵ M, preferably less than 50 nM, more preferably less than 5 nM. It also has an EC50 for one or more of the other EDG/S1P receptors that is at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, or 1000 fold higher than its EC50 for EDG-1/S1P-1. Thus, some of the EDG-1/S1P-1 modulatory compounds will have an EC50 for EDG-1/S1P-1 that is less than 5 nM while their EC50 for one or more of the other EDG/S1P receptors are at least 100 nM or higher. Other than assaying binding activity to the EDG/S1P receptors, EDG-1/S1P-1 selective agents can also be identified by examining a test agent's ability to modify a cellular process or activity mediated by an EDG/S1P receptor.

The compounds of formula I are, therefore, useful in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases or disorders mediated by lymphocytes interactions, for example in transplantation, such as acute or chronic rejection of cell, tissue or organ allo- or xenografts or delayed graft function, graft versus host disease, autoimmune diseases, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, hashimoto's thyroidis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, diabetes type I or II and the disorders associated therewith, vasculitis, pernicious anemia, Sjoegren syndrome, uveitis, psoriasis, Graves ophthalmopathy, alopecia areata and others, allergic diseases, e.g. allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis, allergic contact dermatitis, inflammatory diseases optionally with underlying aberrant reactions, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, intrinsic asthma, inflammatory lung injury, inflammatory liver injury, inflammatory glomerular injury, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, irritant contact dermatitis and further eczematous dermatitises, seborrhoeic dermatitis, cutaneous manifestations of immunologically-mediated disorders, inflammatory eye disease, keratoconjunctivitis, myocarditis or hepatitis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, e.g. myocardial infarction, stroke, gut ischemia, renal failure or hemorrhage shock, traumatic shock, T cell lymphomas or T cell leukemias, infectious diseases, e.g. toxic shock (e.g. superantigen induced), septic shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome or viral infections, e.g. AIDS, viral hepatitis, chronic bacterial infection, or senile dementia. Examples of cell, tissue or solid organ transplants include e.g. pancreatic islets, stem cells, bone marrow, corneal tissue, neuronal tissue, heart, lung, combined heart-lung, kidney, liver, bowel, pancreas, trachea or oesophagus. For the above uses the required dosage will of course vary depending on the mode of administration, the particular condition to be treated and the effect desired.

Furthermore, the compounds of formula I are useful in cancer chemotherapy, particularly for cancer chemotherapy of solid tumors, e.g. breast cancer, or as an anti-angiogenic agent.

The required dosage will of course vary depending on the mode of administration, the particular condition to be treated and the effect desired. In general, satisfactory results are indicated to be obtained systemically at daily dosages of from about 0.03 to 2.5 mg/kg per body weight. An indicated daily dosage in the larger mammal, e.g. humans, is in the range from about 0.5 mg to about 100 mg, conveniently administered, for example, in divided doses up to four times a day or in retard form. Suitable unit dosage forms for oral administration comprise from ca. 1 to 50 mg active ingredient.

The compounds of Formula I can be administered by any conventional route, in particular enterally, for example, orally, e.g. in the form of tablets or capsules, or parenterally, for example, in the form of injectable solutions or suspensions, topically, e.g. in the form of lotions, gels, ointments or creams, or in a nasal or a suppository form. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula I in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form in association with at least one pharmaceutical acceptable carrier or diluent can be manufactured in conventional manner by mixing with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

The compounds of Formula I can be administered in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, for example, as indicated above. Such salts can be prepared in a conventional manner and exhibit the same order of activity as the free compounds.

The compounds of Formula I can be administered in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, for example, as indicated above. Such salts can be prepared in a conventional manner and exhibit the same order of activity as the free compounds.

In accordance with the foregoing the present invention further provides:

1.1 A method for preventing or treating disorders or diseases mediated by lymphocytes, e.g. such as indicated above, in a subject in need of such treatment, which method comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

1.2 A method for preventing or treating acute or chronic transplant rejection or T-cell mediated inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, e.g. as indicated above, in a subject in need of such treatment, which method comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

1.3 A method for inhibiting or controlling deregulated angiogenesis, e.g. sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) mediated angiogenesis, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

1.4 A method for preventing or treating diseases mediated by a neo-angiogenesis process or associated with deregulated angiogenesis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. A compound of formula I, in free form or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form for use as a pharmaceutical, e.g. in any of the methods as indicated under 1.1 to 1.4 above.

3. A pharmaceutical composition, e.g. for use in any of the methods as in 1.1 to 1.4 above comprising a compound of formula I in free form or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier therefor.

4. A compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for use in any of the method as in 1.1 to 1.4 above.

The compounds of formula I may be administered as the sole active ingredient or in conjunction with, e.g. as an adjuvant to, other drugs e.g. immunosuppressive or immunomodulating agents or other anti-inflammatory agents, e.g. for the treatment or prevention of allo- or xenograft acute or chronic rejection or inflammatory or autoimmune disorders, or a chemotherapeutic agent, e.g. a malignant cell anti-proliferative agent. For example the compounds of formula I may be used in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor, e.g. cyclosporin A or FK 506; a mTOR inhibitor, e.g. rapamycin, 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, CC1779, ABT578 or AP23573; an ascomycin having immunosuppressive properties, e.g. ABT-281, ASM981, etc.; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; azathioprene; methotrexate; leflunomide; mizoribine; mycophenolic acid; mycophenolate mofetil; 15-deoxyspergualine or an immunosuppressive homologue, analogue or derivative thereof; immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies, e.g. monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte receptors, e.g. MHC, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD25, CD28, CD40. CD45, CD58, CD80, CD86 or their ligands; other immunomodulatory compounds, e.g. a recombinant binding molecule having at least a portion of the extracellular domain of CTLA4 or a mutant thereof, e.g. an at least extracellular portion of CTLA4 or a mutant thereof joined to a non-CTLA4 protein sequence, e.g. CTLA4Ig (for ex. designated ATCC 68629) or a mutant thereof, e.g. LEA29Y; adhesion molecule inhibitors, e.g. LFA-1 antagonists, ICAM-1 or -3 antagonists, VCAM-4 antagonists or VLA-4 antagonists; or a chemotherapeutic agent.

By the term “chemotherapeutic agent” is meant any chemotherapeutic agent and it includes but is not limited to,

i. an aromatase inhibitor,

ii. an anti-estrogen, an anti-androgen (especially in the case of prostate cancer) or a gonadorelin agonist,

iii. a topoisomerase I inhibitor or a topoisomerase II inhibitor,

iv. a microtubule active agent, an alkylating agent, an antineoplastic antimetabolite or a platin compound,

v. a compound targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity, a further anti-angiogenic compound or a compound which induces cell differentiation processes,

vi. a bradykinin 1 receptor or an angiotensin II antagonist,

vii. a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a bisphosphonate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, a heparanase inhibitor (prevents heparan sulphate degradation), e.g. PI-88, a biological response modifier, preferably a lymphokine or interferons, e.g. interferon □, an ubiquitination inhibitor, or an inhibitor which blocks anti-apoptotic pathways,

viii. an inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms, e.g. H-Ras, K-Ras or N-Ras, or a farnesyl transferase inhibitor, e.g. L-744,832 or DK8G557,

ix. a telomerase inhibitor, e.g. telomestatin,

x. a protease inhibitor, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, a methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor, e.g. bengamide or a derivative thereof, or a proteosome inhibitor, e.g. PS-341, and/or

xi. a mTOR inhibitor.

The term “aromatase inhibitor” as used herein relates to a compound which inhibits the estrogen production, i.e. the conversion of the substrates androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively. The term includes, but is not limited to steroids, especially atamestane, exemestane and formestane and, in particular, non-steroids, especially aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole, vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole and letrozole. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an aromatase inhibitor is particularly useful for the treatment of hormone receptor positive tumors, e.g. breast tumors.

The term “anti-estrogen” as used herein relates to a compound which antagonizes the effect of estrogens at the estrogen receptor level. The term includes, but is not limited to tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene and raloxifene hydrochloride. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an anti-estrogen is particularly useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive tumors, e.g. breast tumors.

The term “anti-androgen” as used herein relates to any substance which is capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgenic hormones and includes, but is not limited to, bicalutamide.

The term “gonadorelin agonist” as used herein includes, but is not limited to abarelix, goserelin and goserelin acetate.

The term “topoisomerase I inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to topotecan, irinotecan, 9-nitrocamptothecin and the macromolecular camptothecin conjugate PNU-166148 (compound A1 in WO99/17804).

The term “topoisomerase II inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin, the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone, and the podophillotoxines etoposide and teniposide.

The term “microtubule active agent” relates to microtubule stabilizing and microtubule destabilizing agents including, but not limited to taxanes, e.g. paclitaxel and docetaxel, vinca alkaloids, e.g., vinblastine, especially vinblastine sulfate, vincristine especially vincristine sulfate, and vinorelbine, discodermolides and epothilones and derivatives thereof, e.g. epothilone B or a derivative thereof.

The term “allylating agent” as used herein includes, but is not limited to busulfan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan or nitrosourea (BCNU or Gliadel™).

The term “antineoplastic antimetabolite” includes, but is not limited to 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, gemcitabine, cytarabine, fludarabine, thioguanine, methotrexate and edatrexate.

The term “platin compound” as used herein includes, but is not limited to carboplatin, cis-platin and oxaliplatin.

The term “compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity or further anti-angiogenic compounds” as used herein includes, but is not limited to protein tyrosine kinase and/or serine and/or threonine kinase inhibitors or lipid kinase inhibitors, e.g. compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 as homo- or heterodimers), the vascular endothelial growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFR), the platelet-derived growth factor-receptors (PDGFR), the fibroblast growth factor-receptors (FGFR), the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R), the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family, the Ax1 receptor tyrosine kinase family, the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase, the Kit/SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase, members of the c-Ab1 family and their gene-fusion products (e.g. BCR-Ab1), members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, members of the MEK, SRC, JAK, FAK, PDK or PI(3) kinase family, or of the PI(3)-kinase-related kinase family, and/or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) and anti-angiogenic compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g. unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of VEGFR are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase, inhibit a VEGF receptor or bind to VEGF, and are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies generically and specifically disclosed in WO 98/35958, e.g. 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g. the succinate, in WO 00/27820, e.g. a N-aryl(thio)anthranilic acid amide derivative e.g. 2-[(4-pyridyl)methyl]amino-N-[3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide or 2-[(1-oxido-4-pyridyl)methyl]amino-N-[3-trifluoromethylphenyl]benzamide, or in WO 00/09495, WO 00/59509, WO 98/11223, WO 00/27819 and EP 0 769 947; those as described by M. Prewett et al in Cancer Research 59 (1999) 5209-5218, by F. Yuan et al in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 93, pp. 14765-14770, December 1996, by Z. Zhu et al in Cancer Res. 58, 1998, 3209-3214, and by J. Mordenti et al in Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp 14-21, 1999; in WO 00/37502 and WO 94/10202; Angiostatin™, described by M. S. O'Reilly et al, Cell 79, 1994, 315-328; Endostatin™, described by M. S. O'Reilly et al, Cell 88, 1997, 277-285; anthranilic acid amides; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; or anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-VEGF receptor antibodies, e.g. RhuMab.

By antibody is meant intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor family are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family, e.g. EGF receptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 or bind to EGF or EGF related ligands, or which have a dual inhibiting effect on the ErbB and VEGF receptor kinase and are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies generically and specifically disclosed in WO 97/02266, e.g. the compound of ex. 39, or in EP 0 564 409, WO 99/03854, EP 0520722, EP 0 566 226, EP 0 787 722, EP 0 837 063, U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,498, WO 98/10767, WO 97/30034, WO 97/49688, WO 97/38983 and, especially, WO 96/30347 (e.g. compound known as CP 358774), WO 96/33980 (e.g. compound ZD 1839) and WO 95/03283 (e.g. compound ZM105180) or PCT/EP02/08780; e.g. trastuzumab (Herpetin®), cetuximab, Iressa, OSI-774, CI-1033, EKB-569, GW-2016, E1.1, E2.4, E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.11, E6.3 or E7.6.3.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of PDGFR are especially compounds which inhibit the PDGF receptor, e.g. a N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, e.g. imatinib.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of c-AbI family members and their gene fusion products are, e.g. a N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, e.g. imatinib; PD180970; AG957; or NSC 680410.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of protein kinase C, Raf, MEK, SRC, JAK, FAK and PDK family members, or PI(3) kinase or PI(3) kinase-related family members, and/or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) are especially those staurosporine derivatives disclosed in EP 0 296 110, e.g. midostaurin; examples of further compounds include e.g. UCN-01, safingol, BAY 43-9006, Bryostatin 1, Perifosine; Ilmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; Isis 3521; or LY333531/LY379196.

Further anti-angiogenic compounds are e.g. thalidomide (THALOMID) and TNP-470.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase are, e.g. inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, PTEN or CDC25, e.g. okadaic acid or a derivative thereof.

Compounds which induce cell differentiation processes are, e.g. retinoic acid, α-, γ

or δ-tocopherol or α-, γ

or δ-tocotrienol.

The term cyclooxygenase inhibitor as used herein includes, but is not limited to, e.g. celecoxib (Celebrex®), rofecoxib (Vioxx®), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2-arylaminophenylacetic acid, e.g. 5-methyl-2-(2′-chloro-6′-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid.

The term “histone deacetylase inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to MS-27-275, SAHA, pyroxamide, FR-901228 or valproic acid.

The term “bisphosphonates” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid.

The term “matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to collagen peptidomimetic and non-petidomimetic inhibitors, tetracycline derivatives, e.g. hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat, prinomastat, BMS-279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211 or AAJ996.

The term “mTOR inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to rapamycin (sirolimus) or a derivative thereof, e.g. 32-deoxorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32-deoxorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32(S)-dihydro-rapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32(S)-dihydro-40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin and, more preferably, 40-O-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-rapamycin. Further examples of rapamycin derivatives include e.g. CC1779 or 40-[3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoate]-rapamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,718, ABT578 or 40-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin, particularly 40-epi-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin, e.g. as disclosed in WO 99/15530, or rapalogs as disclosed e.g. in WO 98/02441 and WO01/14387, e.g. AP23573.

Where the compounds of formula I are administered in conjunction with other immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory or chemotherapeutic therapy, dosages of the co-administered immunosuppressant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory or chemotherapeutic compound will of course vary depending on the type of co-drug employed, e.g. whether it is a steroid or a calcineurin inhibitor, on the specific drug employed, on the condition being treated and so forth.

In accordance with the foregoing the present invention provides in a yet further aspect:

5. A method as defined above comprising co-administration, e.g. concomitantly or in sequence, of a therapeutically effective non-toxic amount of a compound of formula I and at least a second drug substance, e.g. an immunosuppressant, immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory or chemotherapeutic drug, e.g. as indicated above.

6. A pharmaceutical combination, e.g. a kit, comprising a) a first agent which is a compound of formula I as disclosed herein, in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, and b) at least one co-agent, e.g. an immunosuppressant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory or chemotherapeutic drug, e.g. as disclosed above. The kit may comprise instructions for its administration.

The terms “co-administration” or “combined administration” or the like as utilized herein are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are not necessarily administered by the same route of administration or at the same time.

The term “pharmaceutical combination” as used herein means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. a compound of formula I and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. a compound of formula I and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific time limits, wherein such administration provides therapeutically effective levels of the 2 compounds in the body of the patient. The latter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g. the administration of 3 or more active ingredients.

Methods for Preparing Compounds of the Invention

The present invention also includes processes for the preparation of immunomodulatory compounds of the invention. In the reactions described, it can be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, to avoid their unwanted participation in the reactions. Conventional protecting groups can be used in accordance with standard practice, for example, see T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons, 1991.

Compounds of Formula I can be prepared by proceeding as in the following reaction scheme:

in which which A, W, X, Y, Z, R₁, R₂, R₃ and n are as defined for Formula I above. Compounds of Formula I can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 2 with a compound of formula 3 in the presence of a suitable solvent (e.g. methanol, and the like) and a suitable acid (e.g. acetic acid, and the like). The reaction proceeds at a temperature of about 0 to about 60° C. and can take up to about 48 hours to complete.

Additional Processes for Preparing Compounds of the Invention:

A compound of the invention can be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid. Alternatively, a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt of a compound of the invention can be prepared by reacting the free acid form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base. Alternatively, the salt forms of the compounds of the invention can be prepared using salts of the starting materials or intermediates.

The free acid or free base forms of the compounds of the invention can be prepared from the corresponding base addition salt or acid addition salt from, respectively. For example a compound of the invention in an acid addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free base by treating with a suitable base (e.g., ammonium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide, and the like). A compound of the invention in a base addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free acid by treating with a suitable acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, etc.).

Compounds of the invention in unoxidized form can be prepared from N-oxides of compounds of the invention by treating with a reducing agent (e.g., sulfur, sulfur dioxide, triphenyl phosphine, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, phosphorus trichloride, tribromide, or the like) in a suitable inert organic solvent (e.g. acetonitrile, ethanol, aqueous dioxane, or the like) at 0 to 80° C.

Prodrug derivatives of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., for further details see Saulnier et al., (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985). For example, appropriate prodrugs can be prepared by reacting a non-derivatized compound of the invention with a suitable carbamylating agent (e.g., 1,1-acyloxyallylcarbanochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or the like).

Protected derivatives of the compounds of the invention can be made by means known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A detailed description of techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal can be found in T W. Greene, “Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry”, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999.

Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared, or formed during the process of the invention, as solvates (e.g., hydrates). Hydrates of compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an aqueous/organic solvent mixture, using organic solvents such as dioxin, tetrahydrofuran or methanol.

Compounds of the invention can be prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. While resolution of enantiomers can be carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds of the invention, dissociable complexes are preferred (e.g., crystalline diastereomeric salts). Diastereomers have distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc.) and can be readily separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. The diastereomers can be separated by chromatography, or preferable, by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. The optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving agent, by any practical means that would not result in racemization. A more detailed description of the techniques applicable to the resolution of stereoisomers of compounds from the their racemic mixture can be found in Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981.

In summary, the compounds of Formula I can be made by a process, which involves:

(a) reacting a compound of formula 2 with a compound of formula 3; and

(b) optionally converting a compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt;

(c) optionally converting a salt form of a compound of the invention to a non-salt form;

(d) optionally converting an unoxidized form of a compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide;

(e) optionally converting an N-oxide form of a compound of the invention to its unoxidized form;

(f) optionally resolving an individual isomer of a compound of the invention from a mixture of isomers;

(g) optionally converting a non-derivatized compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug derivative; and

(h) optionally converting a prodrug derivative of a compound of the invention to its non-derivatized form.

Insofar as the production of the starting materials is not particularly described, the compounds are known or can be prepared analogously to methods known in the art or as disclosed in the Examples hereinafter.

One of skill in the art will appreciate that the above transformations are only representative of methods for preparation of the compounds of the present invention, and that other well known methods can similarly be used.

EXAMPLES

The following examples provide detailed descriptions of the preparation of representative compounds and are offered to illustrate, but not to limit the present invention.

Example 1 3-{[5-(4-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid

To a solution of 5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-carbaldehyde (0.1 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) is added β-alanine (0.2 mmol) and Et₃N (0.16 mmol). The mixture is heated at 50° C. with stirring for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, NaBH₃CN (0.3 mmol) is added in one portion and the resulting mixture is stirred for 30 minutes. O-(4-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-hydroxylamine (0.12 mmol) is then added to the above reaction mixture and the pH of the solution is tuned to 5-6 by adding AcOH. Purification by preparative LCMS results in 3-{[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.00 (d, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.52 (d, 1H), 7.35-7.26 (m, 2H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 4.21 (s, 2H), 3.30 (t, 2H), 2.94 (m, 1H), 2.78 (m, 6H), 1.90-1.70 (m, 7H), 1.60-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.30 (m, 3H); MS (ES⁺): 503.2 (M+1)⁺.

Example 2 1-[5-(4-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.53 (d, 1H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.36 (s, 2H), 4.35-4.25 (m, 4H), 3.75-3.65 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.78 (t, 4H), 1.90-1.70 (m, 7H), 1.60-1.35 (m, 5H). MS (ES⁺): 515.2 (M+1)⁺.

Example 3 3-{[6-Chloro-4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 4.23 (t, 2H), 3.38 (t, 2H), 2.95 (t, 2H), 2.90-2.85 (m 1H), 2.79 (t, 2H), 1.90-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.75 (m, 3H), 1.60-1.30 (m, 5H). MS (ES⁺): 539.2 (M+1)⁺.

Example 4 3-{4-[5-(4-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-propionic acid

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.82 (d, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 6.84 (d, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 3.75-3.35 (m, 8H), 3.47 (t, 2H), 2.95-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.89 (t, 2H), 2.75-2.60 (m, 4H), 1.90-1.70 (m, 7H), 1.60-1.30 (m, 5H). MS (ES⁺): 558.3 (M+1)⁺.

Example 5 1-[8-(4-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolin-3-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.30-4.20 (n, 4H), 3.65-3.55 (m, 1H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 5H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 4H), 1.75-1.65 (m, 3H), 1.50-1.20 (m, 5H). MS (ES⁺): 516.2 (M+1)⁺.

Example 6 3-{[8-(4-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid

¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 3.25 (t, 2H), 2.90-2.75 (m, 5H), 2.70 (t, 2H), 1.90-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.60 (m, 3H), 1.50-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.20 (m, 3H). MS (ES⁺): 504.3 (M+1)⁺.

By repeating the procedure described in the above examples, using appropriate starting materials, the following compounds of Formula I are obtained as identified in Table 1. TABLE 1 Physical Data MS ES Example Structure (M + 1) 7

549.2 8

545.3 9

533.3 10

537.2 11

489.2 12

515.2 13

503.2 14

531.3 15

505.2 16

505.2 17

517.2 18

506.2 19

518.2 20

463.3 21

451.3

Example 22 Compounds of Formula I Exhibit Biological Activity

A. In vitro: A scintillation proximity assay (SPA) for measuring GTP [γ-³⁵S]binding to membranes prepared from CHO cells expressing human EDG/S1P receptors.

EDG-1 (S1P1) GTP [γ-³⁵S] binding assay: Membrane protein suspensions are prepared from CHO cell clones stably expressing a human EDG-1 N-terminal c-myc tag. Solution of test compounds ranging from 10 mM to 0.01 nM are prepared in DMSO/50 mM HCl and then diluted into assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 101 mM MgCl2, 0.1% fat free BSA). Assay buffer containing 10 mM GDP is mixed with wheat germ agglutinin-coated SPA-beads (1 mg/well) followed by the addition of human EDG-1 membrane protein suspension (10 μg/well) and test compound. The bead/membrane/compound assay components are then mixed for 10-15 minutes on a shaker at room temperature. GTP [γ-³⁵S] (200 μM) and bead/membrane/compound assay mixture are added to individual wells of a 96 well Optiplate™(final volume 225 μl/well), sealed and incubated at room temperature for 110 to 120 minutes under constant shaking. After centrifugation (2000 rpm, 10 minutes) luminescence is measured with a TopCount™ instrument.

EC50 values are obtained by fitting the GTP [γ-³⁵S] binding curves (raw data) with the dose response curve-fitting tool of ORIGIN V. 6.1. Basal binding (no compound) and the highest stimulation of GTP [γ-³⁵] binding achieved by an agonist are used as the fitting range. Seven different concentrations are used to generate a concentration response curve (using two or three data points per concentration).

EDG-3,-5,-6 and -8 GTP [γ-³⁵] binding assays are carried out in a comparable manner to the EDG-1 GTP [[γ-³⁵S] binding assay using membranes from CHO, or in the case of EDG-8 RH7777 membranes, from cells stably expressing c-terminal c-myc tagged or untagged receptors. Concentrations of EDG receptor expressing membranes range between 13-19 μg per well. Compounds of the invention were tested according to the above assay and were observed to exhibit selectivity for the EDG-1 receptor. For example, 3-{[5-(4-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetralydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid has an EC₅₀ of 0.78 nM in the above assay and is at least 1000 fold selective for EDG-1 compared to one or more of the other receptors including EDG-3, EDG-5, EDG-6 and EDG-8.

B. In Vitro: FLIPR Calcium Flux Assay

Compounds of the invention are tested for agonist activity on EDG-1, EDG-3, EDG-5, and EDG-6 with a FLIPR calcium flux assay. Briefly, CHO cells expressing an EDG receptor are maintained in F-12K medium (ATCC), containing 5% FBS, with 500 ug/ml of G418. Prior to the assay, the cells are plated in 384 black clear bottom plates at the density of 10,000 cells/well/25 μl in the medium of F-12K containing 1% FBS. The second day, the cells are washed three times (25 μl/each) with washing buffer. About 25 μl of dye are added to each well and incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The cells are then washed four times with washing buffer (25 l/each). The calcium flux is assayed after adding 25 μl of SEQ2871 solution to each well of cells. The same assay is performed with cells expressing each of the different EDG receptors. Titration in the FLIPR calcium flux assay is recorded over a 3-minute interval, and quantitated as maximal peak height percentage response relative to EDG-1 activation.

C. In Vivo: Screening Assays for Measurement of Blood Lymphocyte Depletion and Assessment of Heart Effect

Measurements of circulating lymphocytes: Compounds are dissolved in DMSO and diluted to obtain a final concentration of 4% DMSO (v/v, final concentration) and then further diluted in a constant volume of Tween80 25%/H₂O, v/v. Tween80 25%/H₂O (200 μl), 4% DMSO, and FTY720 (10 μg) are included as negative and positive controls, respectively. Mice (C57bl/6 male, 6-10 week-old) are administered 250-300 μL of compound solution orally by gavages under short isoflurane anesthesia.

Blood is collected from the retro-orbital sinus 6 and 24 hours after drug administration under short isoflurane anesthesia. Whole blood samples are subjected to hematology analysis. Peripheral lymphocyte counts are determined using an automated analyzer. Subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes are stained by fluorochrome-conjugated specific antibodies and analyzed using a fluorescent activating cell sorter (Facscalibur). Two mice are used to assess the lymphocyte depletion activity of each compound screened. The result is an ED₅₀, which is defined as the effective dose required displaying 50% of blood lymphocyte depletion. Compounds of the invention were tested according to the above assay and were preferably found to exhibit an ED₅₀ of less than 1 mg/kg, more preferably an ED₅₀ of less than 0.5 mg/kg. For example, compound 2 exhibits an ED50 of 0.2 mg/kg.

Assessment of Heart Effect: The effects of compounds on cardiac function are monitored using the AnonyMOUSE ECG screening system. Electrocardiograms are recorded in conscious mice (C57bl/6 male, 6-10 week-old) before and after compound administration. ECG signals are then processed and analyzed using the e-MOUSE software. 90 μg of compound further diluted in 200 μl water, 15% DMSO are injected IP. Four mice are used to assess the heart effect of each compound.

D: In Vivo: Anti-Angiogenic Activity

Porous chambers containing (i) sphingosine-1-phosphate (5 μM/chamber) or (ii) human VEGF (1 μg/chamber) in 0.5 ml of 0.8% w/v agar (containing heparin, 20 U/ml) are implanted subcutaneously in the flank of mice. S1P or VEGF induces the growth of vascularized tissue around the chamber. This response is dose-dependent and can be quantified by measuring the weight and blood content of the tissue. Mice are treated once a day orally or intravenously with a compound of formula I starting 4-6 hours before implantation of the chambers and continuing for 4 days. The animals are sacrificed for measurement of the vascularized tissues 24 hours after the last dose. The weight and blood content of the vascularized tissues around the chamber is determined. Animals treated with a compound of formula I show reduced weight and/or blood content of the vascularized tissues compared to animals treated with vehicle alone. Compounds of Formula I are anti-angiogenic when administered at a dose of about 0.3 to about 3 mg/kg.

E: In Vitro: Antitumor Activity

A mouse breast cancer cell line originally isolated from mammary carcinomas is used, e.g. JygMC(A). The cell number is adjusted to 5×10⁵ for plating in fresh medium before the procedure. Cells are incubated with fresh medium containing 2.5 mM of thymidine without FCS for 12 hours and then washed twice with PBS, followed by addition of fresh medium with 10% FCS and additionally incubated for another 12 hours. Thereafter the cells are incubated with fresh medium containing 2.5 mM of thymidine without FCS for 12 hours. To release the cells from the block, the cells are washed twice with PBS and replated in fresh medium with 10% FCS. After synchronization, the cells are incubated with or without various concentrations of a compound of formula I for 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 or 24 hours. The cells are harvested after treatment with 0.2% EDTA, fixed with ice-cold 70% ethanol solution, hydrolyzed with 250 μg/ml of RNaseA (type 1-A: Sigma Chem. Co.) at 37° C. for 30 minutes and stained with propidium iodide at 10 mg/ml for 20 minutes. After the incubation period, the number of cells is determined both by counting cells in a Coulter counter and by the SRB calorimetric assay. Under these conditions compounds of formula I inhibit the proliferation of the tumor cells at concentrations ranging from 10⁻¹² to 10⁻⁶ M.

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and understanding of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. 

1. A compound of Formula I:

in which: n is 0, 1 or 2; R₁ is chosen from C₆₋₁₀aryl and C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl; wherein any aryl or heteroaryl of R₁ is optionally substituted by a radical chosen from C₆₋₁₀arylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₅₋₆heteroarylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl; wherein any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group of R₁ can be optionally substituted by one to five radicals selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀-alkoxy; and any alkyl group of R₁ can optionally have a methylene replaced by an atom or group chosen from —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR₄— and —O—; wherein R₄ is chosen from hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; R₂ and R₃ are independently chosen from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₆alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₆alkoxy; A is chosen from —X₁C(O)OR₄, —X₁OP(O)(OR₄)₂, —X₁P(O)(OR₄)₂, —X₁P(O)OR₄, —X₁S(O)₂OR₄, —X₁P(O)(R₄)OR₄ and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl; wherein X₁ is a bond or C₁₋₆alkylene and R₄ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; W is chosen from a bond, C₁₋₆alkylene and C₂₋₆alkenylene; X is chosen from C₂₋₄alkylene and C₂₋₄alkenylene; wherein one methylene group of X can be replaced with an atom or group chosen from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂— and —NR₅—; wherein R₅ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl and —C(O)R₆; wherein R₆ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein any alkylene or alkenylene of X can further be substituted by 1 to 3 radicals selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; Y is chosen from C₆₋₁₀aryl and C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, wherein any aryl or heteroaryl of Y can be optionally substituted with 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, hydoxy, nitro, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; Z is C₁₋₆alkylene; wherein up to two methylene groups of Z can be replaced with divalent radicals chosen from —NR₇—. C₃₋₈cycloalkylene, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylene and phenylene; wherein R₇ is chosen from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl and (CH₂)₁₋₂COOH; wherein Z may further be substituted by 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₆alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₆alkoxy; or when a —NR₇— replaces at least one methylene group of Z, R₇ and Y together with the nitrogen atom to which R₇ is attached, forms C₈₋₁₄heteroarylene; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, isomers and prodrugs thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 2 in which n is 0 or 1 and Z is chosen from:

wherein the left and right asterisks of Z indicate the point of attachment between the —[C(R₂)(R₃)]_(n)— group and A of Formula I, respectively; R₇ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; and J₁, J₂ and J₃ are independently methylene or a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of S, O and NR₄; wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; with the proviso that the number of heteroatoms are 2 or less.
 3. The compound of claim 1 in which R₁ is chosen from phenyl, naphthyl and thiophenyl optionally substituted by C₆₋₁₀arylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₅₋₆heteroarylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl; wherein any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group of R₁ can be optionally substituted by 1 to 5 radicals chosen from halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; and any alkyl group of R₁ can optionally have a methylene replaced by an atom or group chosen from —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR₄— and —O—; wherein R₄ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl.
 4. The compound of claim 1 in which Y is chosen from phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, thiazole and oxazole; each of which can be optionally substituted with 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, hydoxy, nitro, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkoxy.
 5. The compound of claim 1 in which R₂ and R₃ are both hydrogen and A is chosen from —C(O)OR₄ and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl; wherein R₄ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1 in which R₁ is chosen from:

wherein the asterisk is the point of attachment of R₁ with W; R₉ is C₆₋₁₀arylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₅₋₆heteroarylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl; wherein any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloallyl or heterocycloalkyl group of R₉ can be optionally substituted by 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; and any alkyl group of R₉ can optionally have a methylene replaced by an atom or group chosen from —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR₄— and —O—; wherein Rat is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; and R₁₀ is selected from halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkoxy.
 7. The compound of claim 1 chosen from: 3-{[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{[6-chloro-4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[3-chloro-5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[3-Chloro-5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 1-[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3-methoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[8-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolin-3-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[8-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-quinolin-3-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{4-[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-yl]-piperazin-1-yl}-propionic acid; 3-{[1-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-indan-5-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[8-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{[8-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[5-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3-ethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-6-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 3-{[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 3-{[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid; 1-[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxyimino)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-7-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; 1-[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-methyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid; and 3-{[4-(4-cyclohexyl-3-methyl-benzyloxyimino)-chroman-7-ylmethyl]-amino}-propionic acid.
 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 9. A method for treating a disease in an animal in which alteration of EDG/S1P receptor mediated signal transduction can prevent, inhibit or ameliorate the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease, which method comprises administering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 10. A method for preventing or treating disorders or diseases mediated by lymphocytes, for treating acute or chronic transplant rejection or T-cell mediated inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, for inhibiting or controlling deregulated angiogenesis, or for treating diseases mediated by a neo-angiogenesis process or associated with deregulated angiogenesis in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 11. The use of a compound of claim 1 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in an animal in which alteration of EDG/S1P receptor mediated signal transduction contributes to the pathology and/or symptomology of the disease.
 12. A process for preparing a compound of Formula I:

in which: n is 0, 1 or 2; R₁ is chosen from C₆₋₁₀aryl and C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl; wherein any aryl or heteroaryl of R₁ is optionally substituted by a radical chosen from C₆₋₁₀arylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₅₋₆heteroarylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylC₀₋₄alkyl or C₁₋₁₀alkyl; wherein any aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group of R₁ can be optionally substituted by one to five radicals selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; and any alkyl group of R₁ can optionally have a methylene replaced by a member of the group consisting of —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR₄— and —O—; wherein R₄ is chosen from hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; R₂ and R₃ are independently chosen from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₆alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₆alkoxy; A is chosen from —X₁C(O)OR₄, —X₁OP(O)(OR₄)₂, —X₁P(O)(OR₄)₂, —X₁P(O)OR₄, —X₁S(O)₂OR₄, —X₁P(O)(R₄)OR₄ and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl; wherein X₁ is a bond or C₁₋₆alkylene and R₄ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; W is chosen from a bond, C₁₋₆alkylene and C₂₋₆alkenylene; X is chosen from C₂₋₄alkylene and C₂₋₄alkenylene; wherein one methylene group of X can be replaced with an atom or group chosen from —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂— and —NR₅—; wherein R₅ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl and —C(O)R₆; wherein R₆ is chosen from hydrogen and C₁₋₆alkyl; wherein any alkylene or alkenylene of X can further be substituted by 1 to 3 radicals selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; Y is chosen from C₆₋₁₀aryl and C₅₋₁₀heteroaryl, wherein any aryl or heteroaryl of Y can be optionally substituted with 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, hydoxy, nitro, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl and halo-substituted C₁₋₁₀alkoxy; Z is C₁₋₆alkylene; wherein up to two methylene groups of Z can be replaced with divalent radicals chosen from —NR₇—. C₃₋₈cycloalkylene, C₃₋₈heterocycloalkylene and phenylene; wherein R₇ is chosen from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl and (CH₂)₁₋₂COOH; wherein Z may further be substituted by 1 to 3 radicals chosen from halo, hydroxy, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo-substituted-C₁₋₆alkyl and halo-substituted-C₁₋₆alkoxy; or when a —NR₇— replaces at least one methylene group of Z, R₇ and Y together with the nitrogen atom to which R₇ is attached, forms C₈₋₁₄heteroarylene; which process comprises: (a) reacting a compound of formula 2:

with a compound of formula 3:

in which A, W, X, Y, Z, R₁, R₂, R₃ and n are as defined for Formula I above; and (b) optionally converting a compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; (c) optionally converting a salt form of a compound of the invention to a non-salt form; (d) optionally converting an unoxidized form of a compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide; (e) optionally converting an N-oxide form of a compound of the invention to its unoxidized form; (f) optionally resolving an individual isomer of a compound of the invention from a mixture of isomers; (g) optionally converting a non-derivatized compound of the invention into a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug derivative; and (h) optionally converting a prodrug derivative of a compound of the invention to its non-derivatized form. 